Seeing ‘Where’ through the Ears Effects of Learning-by-Doing and Long-Term Sensory Deprivation on Localization Based on Image-to-Sound Substitution 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Seeing ‘Where’ through the Ears Effects of Learning-by-Doing and Long-Term Sensory Deprivation on Localization Based on Image-to-Sound Substitution 英文参考文献.doc

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Seeing ‘Where’ through the Ears Effects of Learning-by-Doing and Long-Term Sensory Deprivation on Localization Based on Image-to-Sound Substitution 英文参考文献

Seeing‘Where’throughtheEars:EffectsofLearning-by- DoingandLong-TermSensoryDeprivationon LocalizationBasedonImage-to-SoundSubstitution MichaelJ.Proulx*,PetraStoerig,EvaLudowig,InnaKnoll InstituteofExperimentalPsychology,Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDu¨sseldorf,Du¨sseldorf,Germany Abstract Background:Sensorysubstitutiondevicesfortheblindtranslateinaccessiblevisualinformationintoaformatthatintact sensory pathways can process. We here tested image-to-sound conversion-based localization of visual stimuli (LEDs and objects)in13blindfoldedparticipants. Methods and Findings: Subjects were assigned to different roles as a function of two variables: visual deprivation (blindfoldedcontinuously(Bc)for24hoursperdayfor21days;blindfoldedforthetestsonly(Bt))andsystemuse(system notused(Sn);systemusedfortestsonly(St);systemusedcontinuouslyfor21days(Sc)).Theeffectoflearning-by-doingwas assessedbycomparingtheperformanceofeightsubjects(BtSt)whoonlyusedthemobilesubstitutiondeviceforthetests, to that of threesubjects who, in addition, practiced with itfor four hours daily in their normal life (BtSc andBcSc); two subjectswhodidnotusethedeviceatall(BtSnandBcSn)allowedassessmentofitsuseinthetasksweemployed.The impactoflong-termsensorydeprivationwasinvestigatedbyblindfoldingthreeofthoseparticipantsthroughoutthethree week-longexperiment(BcSn,BcSn/c,andBcSc);theothertensubjectswereonlyblindfoldedduringthetests(BtSn,BtSc, andtheeightBtStsubjects).Expectedly,thetwosubjectswhoneverusedthesubstitutiondevice,whilefastinfindingthe targets, had chance accuracy, whereas subjects who used the device were markedly slower, but showed much better accuracywhichimprovedsignificantlyacrossourfourtestingsessions.Thethreesubjectswhofreelyusedthedevicedaily as well as during tests were faster and more accurate than those who used it during tests only; however, long-term blindfoldingdidnotnotablyinfluenceperformance. Conclusions:Together,theresultsdemonstratethatthedeviceallowedblindfoldedsubjectstoincreasinglyknow