Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of American Whaling and Whales in the Age of Sail 英文参考文献.docVIP

SpatialandSeasonalDistributionofAmericanWhaling andWhalesintheAgeofSail TimD.Smith1*,RandallR.Reeves2,ElizabethA.Josephson3,JudithN.Lund4 1World Whaling History, Redding, California, United States of America, 2Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, Quebec, Canada, 3Integrated Statistics, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4NewBedfordWhalingMuseum,NewBedford,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract AmericanwhalemensailedoutofportsontheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatesandinCaliforniafromthe18thtoearly20th centuries, searching for whales throughout the world’s oceans. From an initial focus on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) and right whales (Eubalaena spp.), the array of targeted whales expanded to include bowhead whales (Balaenamysticetus),humpbackwhales(Megapteranovaeangliae),andgraywhales(Eschrichtiusrobustus).Extensiverecords of American whaling in the form of daily entries in whaling voyage logbooks contain a great deal of information about where and when the whalemen found whales. We plotted daily locations where the several species of whales were observed, both those caught and those sighted but not caught, on world maps to illustrate the spatial and temporal distribution of both American whaling activity and the whales. The patterns shown on the maps provide the basis for various inferences concerning the historical distribution of the target whales prior to and during this episode of global whaling. Citation:SmithTD,ReevesRR,JosephsonEA,LundJN(2012)SpatialandSeasonalDistributionofAmericanWhalingandWhalesintheAgeofSail.PLoSONE7(4): e34905.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034905 Editor:MarkS.Boyce,UniversityofAlberta,Canada ReceivedOctober18,2011;AcceptedMarch6,2012;PublishedApril27,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Smith et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: This work w