Spatial Distribution of Cryptic Species Diversity in European Freshwater Amphipods (Gammarus fossarum) as Revealed by Pyrosequencing 英文参考文献.docVIP

SpatialDistributionofCrypticSpeciesDiversityin EuropeanFreshwaterAmphipods(Gammarusfossarum) asRevealedbyPyrosequencing AnjaMarieWestram1,2*,JukkaJokela1,2,CarolineBaumgartner1,2,IreneKeller3 1Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Du¨bendorf, Switzerland, 2ETH-Zu¨rich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zu¨rich, Switzerland,3FishEcologyandEvolution,Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Kastanienbaum,Switzerland Abstract Inordertounderstandandprotectecosystems,localgenepoolsneedtobeevaluatedwithrespecttotheiruniqueness. Cryptic species present a challenge in this context because their presence, if unrecognized, may lead to serious misjudgement of the distribution of evolutionarily distinct genetic entities. In this study, we describe the current geographicaldistributionofcrypticspeciesoftheecologicallyimportantstreamamphipodGammarusfossarum(typesA,B andC).Weuseanovelpyrosequencingassayformolecularspeciesidentificationandsurvey62populationsinSwitzerland, plusseveralpopulationsinGermanyandeasternFrance.Inaddition,wecompiledatafrompreviouspublications(mainly Germany).AcleartransitionisobservedfromtypeAintheeast(DanubeandPodrainages)totypesBand,morerarely,Cin thewest(Meuse,Rhone,andfoursmallerFrenchriversystems).WithintheRhinedrainage,thecrypticspeciesmeetina contact zone which spans the entire G. fossarum distribution range from north to south. This large-scale geographical sortingindicatesthattypesAandBpersistedinseparaterefugiaduringPleistoceneglaciations.Withinthecontactzone, thespeciesrarelyco-occuratthesamesite,suggestingthatecologicalprocessesmayprecludelong-termcoexistence.The clearphylogeographicalsignalobservedinthisstudyimpliesthat,inmanypartsofEurope,onlyoneofthecrypticspeciesis present. Citation:WestramAM,JokelaJ,BaumgartnerC,KellerI(2011)SpatialDistributionofCrypticSpeciesDiversityinEuropeanFreshwaterAmphipods(Gammarus fossarum)asRevealedbyPyrosequencing.PLoSONE6(8):e23879.doi:10.1371/journal.