Tracking adaptive evolutionary events in genomic sequences 英文参考文献.docVIP

/2002/3/6/reviews/1018.1 Minireview Tracking adaptive evolutionary events in genomic sequences David A Liberles* and Marta L Wayne? Addresses: *Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Stockholm Bioinformatics Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. ?Department of Zoology, University of *lorida, Gainesville, *L 32611, USA. Correspondence: David A Liberles. E-mail: liberles@sbc.su.se Published: 29 May 2002 GenomeBiology 2002, 3(6):reviews1018.1–1018.4 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at /2002/3/6/reviews/1018 ? BioMed Central Ltd (Print ISSN 1465-6906; Online ISSN 1465-6914) Abstract As more gene and genomic sequences from an increasing assortment of species become available, new pictures of evolution are emerging. Improved methods can pinpoint where positive and negative selection act in individual codons in specific genes on specific branches of phylogenetic trees. Positive selection appears to be important in the interaction between genotype, protein structure, function, and organismal phenotype. Today?s genomes have been shaped both by random evolu- tionary processes and by selection. Positive selective pressure, in which particular changes give an organism an advantage over other organisms, can quickly alter the sequences found at selected sites within a genome. At the same time, a slower dynamic process called genetic drift, in which mutations spread through a whole population (are ?fixed?) by chance rather than because of selection, dictates the changes at other sites. The combination of positive selection and genetic drift, plus the purifying selection that keeps advantageous sequences from being changed, can be analyzed to assess the effects of selection on genomes and to detect where specific nucleotide (or codon) positions have been under different pressures at different points in evolutionary hi