Transformation of an Industrial Brownfield into an Ecological Buffer for Michigan’s Only Ramsar Wetland of International Importance 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Transformation of an Industrial Brownfield into an Ecological Buffer for Michigan’s Only Ramsar Wetland of International Importance 英文参考文献.doc

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Transformation of an Industrial Brownfield into an Ecological Buffer for Michigan’s Only Ramsar Wetland of International Importance 英文参考文献

Sustainability 2012, 4, 1043-1058; doi:10.3390/su4051043 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Article Transformation of an Industrial Brownfield into an Ecological Buffer for Michigan’s Only Ramsar Wetland of International Importance John H. Hartig 1,*, Allison Krueger 1, Kelly Rice 2, Steven F. Niswander 3, Burke Jenkins 4 and Greg Norwood 1 1 Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 9311 Groh Road, Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138, USA; E-Mails:krueger.ali@ (A.K.); greg_norwood@ (G.N.) 2 Cardno JFNew, 11181 Marwill Avenue, West Olive, Michigan 49460, USA; E-Mail: kelly.rice@ 3 Niswander Environmental, LLC, 10524 Grand River Avenue, Suite 103, Brighton, Michigan 48116, USA; E-Mail:sniswan@ 4 Hamilton Anderson Associates, 1435 Randolph, Suite 200, Detroit, Michigan 48226, USA; E-Mail:bjenkins@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: john_hartig@; Tel.: +1-734-692-7608; Fax: +1-734-692-7603. Received: 29 March 2012; in revised form: 24 April 2012 / Accepted: 9 May 2012 / Published: 18 May 2012 Abstract: The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge spans 77 km along the Detroit River and western Lake Erie, and is the only unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System that is international. A key unit of the refuge is the 166-ha Humbug Marsh that represents the last kilometer of natural shoreline on the U.S. mainland of the river and Michigan’s only “Wetland of International Importance” designated under the 1971 International Ramsar Convention. Adjacent to Humbug Marsh is an 18-ha former industrial manufacturing site (now called the Refuge Gateway) that is being remediated and restored as an ecological buffer for Humbug Marsh and the future home of the refuge’s visitor center. Restoration and redevelopment activities have included: cleanup and capping of contaminated lands; daylighting a creek (i.e., deliberately