南京航空航天大学《材料科学基础》2-3合金相的晶体结构.pptVIP

§2-3合金相的晶体结构 1. 概述 2. 固溶体 3. 化合物 4. 合金相的结构符号 3. 化合物 3.1 化合物的特点及分类 3.2 正常价化合物 3.3 电子化合物 3.4 具有砷化镍结构的相 3.5 受原子尺寸因素控制的中间相 3.6 拓扑密堆相 3.7 超结构 Chemical compound A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example, dihydrogen monoxide (water, H2O) is a compound composed of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom. In general, this fixed ratio must be fixed due to some sort of physical property, rather than an arbitrary man-made selection. This is why materials such as brass, the superconductor YBCO, the semiconductor aluminium gallium arsenide, or chocolate are considered mixtures or alloys rather than compounds. Types of compounds acids bases :The common (Arrhenius) definition of a base is a chemical compound that either donates hydroxide ions or absorbs hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. Bases and acids are referred to as opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the hydronium ion concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. Arrhenius bases are water-soluble and always have a pH greater than 7 in solution. ionic compounds salts oxides organic compounds Intermetallic Compounds Whilst some metal alloy systems exhibit total or partial solubility and others are insoluble in the solid state, a number of metals combine together to form an intermediate phase or intermediate compounds. There are two types of intermetallic compounds which are often encountered in metallurgy. 3.1 化合物的特点及分类-1 3.1.1 化合物在二元相图上所处的位置总是在两个端际固溶体之间的中间部位,所以将它们统称为中间相 3.1.2 中间相大多数是由不同的金属或金属与亚金属组成的化合物,故这类中间相又称为金属间化合物 3.1 化合物的特点及分类-2 3.1.3 构成各类中间相的结合键各不相同,中间相的结合键取决于组元元素之间的电负性差.电负性相近的元素,形成的中间相多以金属键为主,而电负性相差较大时,倾向于以离子键或共价键结合.但一般都具有一定程度的金属性 3.1 化合物的特点及分类-3 3.1.4 中间相通常按一定或大致一定的原子比组成,可以用化学分子式来表示,但是除正常价化合物外,大多数中间相的分子式不遵循化学价规则 3.1.5 中间相具有不同于各组成元素的晶体结构,组元原子各占据一定的点阵位置,呈有序排列. 但也有一些中间相的有序程度不很高,甚至在高温时无序而在较低温度时才转变为有序排列 3.1 化合物的特点及分类-4 3.1.6 中间相的性能明显不同于各组元的性能,一般是硬而脆的.有些金属间化合物,具有特殊的性能,如超导