Effects of Cyanobacterial Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis on Glutathione-Based Detoxification Pathways in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo.docVIP

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Effects of Cyanobacterial Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis on Glutathione-Based Detoxification Pathways in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo.doc

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Effects of Cyanobacterial Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis on Glutathione-Based Detoxification Pathways in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo

Toxins 2012, 4, 390-404; doi:10.3390/toxins4060390 OPEN ACCESS toxins ISSN 2072-6651 /journal/toxins Article Effects of Cyanobacterial Lipopolysaccharides from Microcystis on Glutathione-Based Detoxification Pathways in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Asha Jaja-Chimedza 1, Miroslav Gantar 2, Gregory D. Mayer 3, Patrick D. L. Gibbs 4 and John P. Berry 1,* 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; E-Mail: ajaja001@ 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; E-Mail: gantarm@ 3 The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; E-Mail: greg.mayer@ 4 Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA; E-Mail: pgibbs@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: berryj@; Tel.: +1-305-919-4569; Fax: +1-305-919-4030. Received: 2 February 2012; in revised form: 14 May 2012 / Accepted: 14 May 2012 / Published: 25 May 2012 Abstract: Cyanobacteria (“blue-green algae”) are recognized producers of a diverse array of toxic secondary metabolites. Of these, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS), produced by all cyanobacteria, remain to be well investigated. In the current study, we specifically employed the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo to investigate the effects of LPS from geographically diverse strains of the widespread cyanobacterial genus, Microcystis, on several detoxifying enzymes/pathways, including glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)/glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), and compared observed effects to those of heterotrophic bacterial (i.e., E. coli) LPS. In agreement with prev