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Evidence of cryptic introgression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) based on wild tomato species alleles.doc

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Evidence of cryptic introgression in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) based on wild tomato species alleles

LabateandRobertsonBMCPlantBiology2012,12:133 /1471-2229/12/133 RESEARCH ARTICLE OpenAccess Evidenceofcrypticintrogressionintomato (SolanumlycopersicumL.)basedonwildtomato speciesalleles JoanneALabate*andLarryDRobertson Abstract Background:Manyhighlybeneficialtraits(e.g.diseaseorabioticstressresistance)havebeentransferredintocrops throughcrosseswiththeirwildrelatives.The13recognizedspeciesoftomato(SolanumsectionLycopersicon )are closelyrelatedtoeachotherandwildspeciesgeneshavebeenextensivelyusedforimprovementofthecrop, SolanumlycopersicumL.Inaddition,thelackofgeographicalbarriershaspermittednaturalhybridizationbetweenS. lycopersicumanditsclosestwildrelativeSolanumpimpinellifoliuminEcuador,PeruandnorthernChile.Inorderto betterunderstandpatternsofS.lycopersicumdiversity,wesequenced47markersranginginlengthfrom130to 1200bp(totalof24kb)ingenotypesofS.lycopersicumandwildtomatospeciesS.pimpinellifolium,Solanum arcanum,Solanumperuvianum,SolanumpennelliiandSolanumhabrochaites.Betweensixandtwelvegenotypes werecomparativelyanalyzedpermarker.Severalofthemarkershadpreviouslybeenhypothesizedascarryingwild speciesalleleswithinS.lycopersicum,i.e.,crypticintrogressions. Results:Eachmarkerwasmappedwithhighconfidence(e1x10-30)toasinglegenomiclocationusingBLASTN againsttomatowholegenomeshotgunchromosomes(SL2.40)database.Neighbor-joiningtreesshowedhigh meanbootstrapsupport(86.8±2.34%)fordistinguishingred-fruitedfromgreen-fruitedtaxafor38ofthemarkers. Hybridizationandparsimonysplitsnetworks,genomicmappositionsofmarkersrelativetodocumented introgressions,andhistoricaloriginsofaccessionswereusedtointerpretevolutionarypatternsatninemarkerswith putativelyintrogressedalleles. Conclusion:Ofthe47geneticmarkerssurveyedinthisstudy,fourwereinvolvedinlinkagedragonchromosome 9duringintrogressionbreeding,whileallelesatfivemarkersapparentlyoriginatedfromnaturalhybridizationwith S.pimpinellifoliumandwereassociatedwithprimitivegenotypesofS.lycopersicum.Thepositiveidentificationof introgressedgeneswith