chpt6Cognitivevariables.pptx

Chapter Six ;Learning Strategies Learning Styles; 策略的定义 策略的分类 成功学习者使用的策略;Stern (1983): general tendencies or overall characteristics of the approaches employed by the language learner (as opposed to techniques which are particular forms of observable learning behavior) Rubin (1975) Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics ;学习策略： 产出策略： 交际策略： ; Learning Strategies vs. Learning Techniques;O’Malley Chamot’s Classification Oxford’s Classification ;Metacognitive strategies Cognitive strategies Social-affective Strategies;Metacognitive strategies processes learners consciously use to supervise or manage their language learning. allow learners to control their own cognition by planning what they will do, checking how it is going, and then evaluating how it went. ;Contents of meta-cognitive strategies ;Cognitive strategies;;A poem to learn and learn by heart Hold Fast to Your Dreams BY Langston Huthes ;Hold--- to your --- For if --- die Life is a --- winged--- That ------ fly Hold--- to your--- For if--- go Life is a --- land, --- in snow;--- --- to your--- --- if --- die --- is a --- winged--- --- ------ fly --- --- to your --- --- if --- go --- is a --- land --- in ---;--- --- to --- --- --- if --- --- --- is a --- --- --- --- ------ fly --- --- to --- --- --- if --- --- --- is a --- --- --- in ---;Affective strategies strategies for regulating emotions, motivation, and attitudes; strategies for reduction of anxiety and for self-encouragement. Social strategies strategies for interacting with other people for learning and practice ;1. 合作（cooperation）：与一个或多个同伴一起学习，以获得反馈，输入，以及进行语言活动 2.要求澄清(Questions for clarification): 要求教师或本族语者重复，释义，解释或提供例子等。;（1）善于发现适合自己的方法，然后锲而不舍；（2）自觉整理语言知识；（3）学习中有创造力，能够找到语感并不断练习使用所学的语言和词汇；（4）课内外都使用所学的语言；（5）碰到困难，乐于求索，不屈不挠；（6）博闻强记； （7）有错则改，去错求进； （8）善于运用母语帮助二语习得；（9）善于用语境提示理解问题；（10）善于推测；（11）整体学习语言，善于用套语格式超越语言能力；（12）善于使用会话技巧；（13）善于使用表达技巧克服困难；（14）善于学习不同风格的口头和书面用语，以适于不同场景。 Rubin Thompson (1982);文秋芳也指出成功的学习者全都是使用策略的能手，认为国内外对成功学习者（善学者）的研究结果都证明