国贸理论与政策PREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS.ppt

* Ch.11PREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS * Regional Trade Arrangements Free Trade Area (FTA): Eliminate internal trade barriers but maintain existing barriers to nonmembers NAFTA， North American Free Trade Agreement，北美自由贸易协定。 LAFTA， Latin-American Free Trade Association，拉丁美洲自由贸易协会。 EFTA， European Free Trade Association，欧洲自由贸易联盟。 Customs Union (CU):Eliminate internal trade barriers and erect设立 common barriers to nonmembers European Community (European Union now) and Mercosur南方共同市场 (the Southern Cone圆锥体 Common Market南锥体共同市场 ). * Trade Creation Trade Diversion Initial最初的situation in Country A: A levies100 % tariff on imports from B and C. Products from B and C are $2.00 and $1.50. A imports from C of EF. A’s consumers pay $3. A’s gov’t collects $1.50 for each unit of imports. A forms an FTA with B and eliminates the tariff. The consumer price declines to $2. Imports increase to GH, all from B. * Trade creation: A’s domestic price declines, consumption increases and production declines. Imports increase by GE and FH. Trade diversion: A now imports from B. The source of imports diverts from C (the world’s lowest-cost producer) to B (the lowest-cost member producer). As a result, A pays more for its imports. * Figure 9.01 Regional trade liberalization * Welfare Analysis Consumers gain from a lower price + (a+b+c+d) Producers lose due to a lower price - a Government loses tariff revenue (__________) Net gain ( ) Gains from trade creation: Losses from trade diversion: * Regionalism[‘ri:d??nliz?m]区域性 vs. Multilateralism多边主义 Why are regional trade blocs集团 getting more popular? Willing to trade with countries sharing similar culture, geographical[d?i?gr?fik?l]地理的 proximity接近 , etc. Disillusioned[,disi‘lu:??n]使醒悟;使不再抱幻想 by the slow pace and inability of GATT in dealing with trade disputes。 * Problems with Regionalism Discrimination against nonmembers Cause trade diversion Some Justifications for Regionalism Complementary补充的 to the process of mu