普通物理学II（H）Chapter40 Geometrical Optics-1.pptVIP

Chapter 40 (partial Capt.39)Geometrical Optics (几何光学) 40-1 Introduction Optics (光学): the study on the properties of light and its propagation through various materials. Application: Traditional applications: Telescopes, Microscopes Modern applications: Information storage and retrieval CD players, supermarket bar-code Signal transmission through optical fiber cables Geometrical Optics (几何光学): the case in which light travels in straight line and encounters objects whose size is much larger than ?. Words: mirrors(反射镜), lenses(透镜), prisms(棱镜) Wave Optics (or Physical Optical 物理光学): the passage of light through very narrow slits or around very narrow barriers, whose dimensions may be comparable to ?. Words: reflection(反射), refraction(折射), interference(干涉), diffraction(衍射), polarization(偏振) Geometric Optics So far EM waves in vacuum What happens to EM waves (usually light) in different materials? we must include ke in Maxwell’s Equations index of refraction, n Restriction: waves whose wavelength is much shorter than the objects with which it interacts. Pretend that light propagates in straight lines, called rays. Our primary focus will be on the REFLECTION and REFRACTION of these rays at the interface of two materials. 40-2 The basic law of geometrical optics 1. Three Laws of Geometrical Optics (几何光学三定律): The law of straight line propagation of light Light propagates in a straight line in a uniform materials(均匀材料). The Law of Reflection: The reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence, and ?r=?I The law of Refraction: The refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence, and n1sin?1 = n2sin?2 Reflection The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection q i =q r , where both angles are measured from the normal: Note also, that all rays lie in the “plane of incidence”. Shedding Light on Reflection By superposition (which works just as well for oscillating