国际贸易chapter05 Tariff.ppt

* 5.5 Effect of a Tariff  by Small Importing Country The Net Effects on Exporting Country Effect on exporting country: zero Effect on world as whole = - b - d * 5.6 Effects of a Tariff by Large Importing Country Net national gains= e-b-d So, the large importing country maybe get net gain from imposing a tariff. * 5.6 Effects of a Tariff by Large Importing Country Net gain of exporting country = -(e+f) The whole world =-(b+d+f) * 5.6 Effects of a Tariff by Large Importing Country For a large country, the best tariff (nationally optimal tariff ) lies between no tariff and prohibitive tariff. * 5.7 Conclusions (1)A tariff almost always lowers world well-being. (2)A tariff usually lowers the well-being of each nation, including the nation imposing the tariff, excepting the “nationally optimal” tariff. (3)A tariff absolutely helps those groups tied closely to the production of import substitutes, even when the tariff is bad for the nation as a whole. *Department of International Economics and Trade Theory and Policy of International Trade * * Chapter FiveTariff * * 5.1 Types of Tariff A tariff, is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it crosses a national boundary. An import tariff is a duty on the imported commodity, while an export tariff is a duty on the exported commodity. * * 5.1 Types of Tariff 1. A specific tariff is stipulated as a money amount per physical unit of import, such as dollars per ton of steel bars, or dollars per eight-cylinder two-door sports car. * * 5.1 Types of Tariff 2. An ad valorem (on the value) tariff is a percentage of the estimated market value of the goods when they reach the importing country. * * 5.1 Types of Tariff 3. A compound tariff is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff. * 5.1 Types of Tariff 4. A alternative tariff means that the customs choose either of the specific duty and the ad valorem duty. Mostly, the duty of the greater amount will be chosen. * 5.2 Major Purposes of Imposing