现代物理学的诞生.ppt

CHAPTER 1The Birth of Modern Physics 1.1 Classical Physics of the 1890s 1.2 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 1.3 Waves and Particles 1.4 Conservation Laws and Fundamental Forces 1.5 The Atomic Theory of Matter 1.6 Outstanding Problems of 1895 and New Horizons 1.1: Classical Physics of the 1890s Mechanics → Mechanics began with Galileo (1564-1642) Mechanics achieved maturity with Isaac Newton Newton’s third law (Law of action and reaction): The force exerted by body 1 on body 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that body 2 exerts on body 1: Electromagnetism culminated with Maxwell’s Equations Gauss’s law: (electric field) Gauss’s law: (magnetic field) Faraday’s law: Ampère’s law: The Laws of Thermodynamics First law: The change in the internal energy ΔU of a system is equal to the heat Q added to a system plus the work W done by the system: ΔU = Q + W Second law: It’s impossible to convert heat completely into work without some other change taking place. Primary results of 19th-century Thermodynamics Established the atomic theory of matter Introduced thermal equilibrium Established heat as energy Introduced the concept of internal energy Created temperature as a measure of internal energy Realized limitations: some energy processes cannot take place 1.2: The Kinetic Theory of Gases The ideal gas equation for n moles of a “simple” gas: PV = nRT where R is the ideal gas constant, 8.31 J/mol · K Primary Results of the Kinetic Theory Internal energy U is directly related to the average molecular kinetic energy. Average molecular kinetic energy, K, is directly related to absolute temperature. Internal energy equally is distributed among the number of degrees of freedom (f ) of the system: More Results of the Kinetic Theory Maxwell derived a relation for the molecular speed distribution f(v): Other successes for Kinetic Theory 1.3: Particles and Waves Two ways in which energy is transported: The Nature of L