英汉差异之形合与意 09.ppt

英汉差异之形合与意合(hypotactic vs. paratactic) 形合：句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接 起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clause with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come. ----The American Heritage Dictionary * * 意合: 词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。 The arranging of clauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. ----the World Book Dictionary 英语造句主要采用形合法 汉语造句主要采用意合法 一、英语的形合法 英语造句主要采用形合法（hypotaxis），用各种形式手段连接词语、分句或从句，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。 英语中的连接手段和形式主要有： 1、关系词和连接词。 关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如 who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。 where when how why where when why who whom whose what which ----- who whom whose ----- which that conjunctive adverbs relative adverbs conjunctive pronouns relative pronouns A: Do you know who is to chair the meeting? B: Yes, I know the person who is to chair the meeting. I wonder whose camera that is. It might belong to the girl whose camera is missing. conjunctive conjunctive relative relative This is the house where Newton was born. I’ll never forget the day when I was admitted into the Party. I knew the reason why he was so angry. I don’t know when we are to hold the meeting? That is why they decided to put the discussion (conjunctive adverbs) 连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, either…or, neither…nor,以及when, while, as, since, until, so…that, unless, lest, though, because等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。 (relative adverbs) It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青 年已经失去了青春，有的甚至丧失了生命。