胡壮麟语言学课件chapter12(名牌大学教授整理).ppt

Chapter 12 Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics Birth of Modern Linguistics When is the beginning of modern linguistics? We date modern linguistics from the early twentieth century when scholars worked out detailed scientific methods for establishing relationships among languages. This is marked by the publication of Ferdinand de Saussures book Course in General Linguistics (1916). Birth of Modern Linguistics During the years between 1907 to 1911, Saussure lectured on general linguistics in the University of Geneva. After he died in 1913, two of his students, C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, collected lecture notes from students and put them together to produce the great work, Course in General Linguistics, in 1916. Birth of Modern Linguistics This book became the most important source of Saussures ideas and of his influence upon succeeding generations of linguists. Saussures ideas were developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology, and psychology. Birth of Modern Linguistics Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics? (1) The book “Course in General Linguistics” (1916), which is the most important source of Saussures ideas, marked the beginning of modern linguistics. Birth of Modern Linguistics (2) Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language which direct our attention to essentials of language and make clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. He believed that language is a SYSTEM OF SIGNS, called conventions. He held this sign is the union of a form and an idea, which he called the signifier (能指) and the signified (所指). 索绪尔指出，语言符号是概念和音响形象的结合。然而，在日常生活使用中，语言符号这个术语一般只指音响形象，结果让部分要素包含了符号整体。为了避免出现这种混淆，索氏称： “我们建议保留用符号这一词表示整体，用所指和能指分别代替概念和音响形象。” 索绪尔认为，任何语言符号是由“能指”和“所指”构成的，“能指”指语言的声音形象，“所指”指语言所反映的事物的概念。符号的任意性就是说，所指与能指的联系是任意的，两者之间没有任何内在的、自然的联系。 Birth of Modern Linguistics (3) Saussure’s ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of LANGUE and P