chapter 1词汇学概要1.pptVIP

* * Vocabulary Size of Native Speakers Age vocabulary size Age vocabulary size 1.3 235 9.6 6620 2.8 405 11.7 7860 3.8 700 12.8 8700 5.5 1528 13.9 10660 6.5 2500 15.0 12000 8.5 4480 18.0 17600 * * 1.3.1 The concept of “word” is hard to define and identify, so far no completely satisfactory definition has been given. 1.3 The Structure of English Words In brief, a word may be defined as: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and grammatical function. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。 * * Words: main units of English vocabulary open class words (content words) noun, verb, adj.. (lexical words) new words added: hacker, email, 作秀，时装秀 closed class words (grammatical or functional words) conj., prep., pron., auxiliaries, determiners, * * Content words/Notional words/Lexical words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, numerous and the number ever growing. Functional words/ Empty/form words/Grammatical words constitute a very small number of the vocabulary; stable. Content words functional words * * Adverbs Some adverbs are formed from adjectives (quickly, beautifully...); they are lexical Some are grammatical (then, there, very) * * Classification of words meaning function Word class Native words Borrowed words Content words Functional words Basic word stock Non-basic Vo. use frequency origin * * Categorization and Examplification Categories Examples Categories Examples Noun (n.) people, house, wisdom Determiner (det.) a(n), the, some Pronoun (pron.) he, this, those Numeral (num.) one, first, next Verb (v.) write, feel, run Preposition (prep.) above, except, underneath Adjective (adj.) big, small, red Conjunction (conj.) and, but, if Adverb (adv.) early, late, slowly Interjection (interj.) oh, aha, alas * * 1.3.2 Morphemes in English Definition: English words as minimal free forms found in use are analyzable into (minimal) meaningful units, which are technically called morphemes（词素）. the sm