2008“人权与民主”第三讲 - 东吴大学.docVIP

2008『人權與民主』第三講 能力、人權與世界人權宣言： 一個能力的途徑 游盈隆 東吳大學教授 2008/9/25 壹、前 言 一、政治是什麼？ David Easton(1965)：『政治是有關對全社會做價值權威性的分配。』 什麼是價值？何謂『權威性的分配』？為何具有權威性？ 二、What is at stake in politics? What can be changed, rearranged, or redistributed by politics? Harold D. Lasswell’s eight basic values: Power: as the capacity to change the probability of outcomes. Deference(or respect):以及伴隨而來的地位、尊榮、權威。 Rectitude(righteousness and justice):公義、道德、是非、對錯等。 Wealth: Well-being(health): Enlightenment: Skill: Affection:感情是所有政治的基礎。 Regarding security and liberty: 安全與自由的享有所擁有的價值。 追求各種重要價值是這個地球上每一個正常人的想望，但一般人卻常遭挫折，事與願違。人權的追求也是如此，為什麼？ 能力途徑』(capabilities approach)的人權觀點 代表性人物：諾貝爾經濟學講得主Amartya Sen, Martha C. Nussbaum 問什麼問題： Instead of asking “How satisfied is person A,” or “How much in the way of resources does A command,”we ask the question:”What is A actually able to do and to be?”In other words, about a variety of functions that would seem to be of central importance to a human life, we ask:”Is the person capable of this, or not? This focus on capabilities, unlike the focus on GNP, or on aggregate utility, looks at people one by one, insisting on locating empowerment in this life and in that life, rather than in the nation as a whole. Unlike the utilitarian focus on satisfactions, it looks not at what people feel about what they do, but about what they are actually able to do. Finally, unlike the focus on resources, it is concerned with what is actually going on in the life in question: not how many resources are sitting around, but how they are actually going to work in enabling people to function in a fully human way. 那些中心能力(central capabilities)?pp.31-32 這張清單所列舉的項目是各自獨立又不可或缺的。我們無法藉多提供另一項目的數量來滿足其中任何一項。所有的項目都具有其獨特性與重要性。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 生命(Life). 能活到生命正常長度的盡頭；不要死於非命或太早死，or before one’s life is so reduced as to be not worth living. 身體健康(bodily health): 能擁有良好的健康狀態，包括營養充足、適當的居住條件、能夠傳宗接代等等。 身體自由(bodily integrity)：能自由行動；安全免受暴力攻擊，包括性攻