天津科技大学海洋学院 微生物学 第二章真核微生物.ppt

* * * * * （一）菌丝 定义：真菌营养体的基本单位是菌丝（hyphae）。形态：菌丝直径一般3～10μm，有分枝，有隔膜或无隔膜，根据菌丝有无隔膜，可以将真菌分成低等真菌（鞭毛菌亚门和接合菌亚门）和高等真菌（子囊菌亚门、担子菌亚门和半知菌亚门）两大类。图——28霉菌菌丝图 Their basic cellular unit is described as a hypha. This is usually a tubular cell which is surrounded by a rigid, chitin-containing cell wall. The hypha extends by tip growth, and multiplies by branching, creating a fine network called a mycelium. Hyphae contain nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi and membrane-bound vesicles within a plasma-membrane bound cytoplasm. The sub-cellular structures are supported and organized by micro-tubules and endoplasmic reticulum. If you have forgotten what these structures look like and what they do, please check them in a basic text book. Not all fungi are multicellular, some are unicellular and are termed yeasts. These grow by binary fission or budding, creating new individuals from the parent cell. Simplified diagram of a vegetative yeast cell and a budding cell: * 除少数低等水生霉菌的细胞壁中含有纤维素外，大多数霉菌的细胞壁主要由几丁质构成。几丁质和纤维素分别构成高等霉菌低等霉菌的细胞壁网状结构----------微纤丝（Microfibril)。微纤丝使细胞壁具有坚韧的机械性能。 可用蜗牛消化酶等消化真菌细胞壁，制备霉菌的原生质体。 组成真菌细胞壁的另一类成分为无定型物质，主要是一些蛋白质、甘露聚糖和葡聚糖，它们填充于上述纤维状物质构成的网内或网外，充实细胞壁的结构。 几丁质是由数百个N-乙酰葡萄糖胺分子以β-1，4糖苷键连接而成的。 1. 菌丝细胞的构造 细胞壁坚韧、厚实；成分丰富，与成熟度和进化地位有关。Neurospora crassa菌丝尖端细胞壁主要由纤维状结构的几丁质组成，几丁质外包被有蛋白质，结构较松散，容易去除；然后在蛋白质层外面合成较稀疏的葡聚糖蛋白网；成熟的菌丝细胞最外层是无定形结构的葡聚糖，且糖蛋白网状结构变得致密。从进化的角度看，越是低等的、水生的真菌，其细胞壁成分就越与藻类接近，即含有较多的纤维素；较高等的、陆生的真菌则主要含有几丁质成分。图——29菌丝分化及其细胞壁成分（周德庆P57）Neurospora crassa . ▲细胞膜：7 ~ 10nm厚，结构同其他真核细胞类似。 3 .细胞核： 核直径0 .7 ~ 3 . 0μm，可通过隔膜上的 小孔，在菌丝中流动。 核膜上有40~70nm小孔，孔的数目随菌龄而增加。 核仁直径3nm。其他结构同一般真核细胞。 ★Cell wall structure and growth: the structure of the fungal cell wall The living part of a fungus consists of the apical cell of the mycelium and a few cells that are immediately behind it. Cells that are beyond about 5 cross walls, that is septae, and usually moribund unless they have special survival functions. The cells are very variable in size, but usually fall be