工程材料答案-ch21.docVIP

CHAPTER 21 OPTICAL PROPERTIES Electromagnetic Radiation 21.1 Visible light having a wavelength of 6 ( 10-7 m appears orange. Compute the frequency and energy of a photon of this light. Solution In order to compute the frequency of a photon of orange light, we must use Equation 21.2 as Now, for the energy computation, we employ Equation 21.3 as follows:  Light Interactions with Solids 21.2 Distinguish between materials that are opaque, translucent, and transparent in terms of their appearance and light transmittance. Solution Opaque materials are impervious to light transmission; it is not possible to see through them. Light is transmitted diffusely through translucent materials (there is some internal light scattering). Objects are not clearly distinguishable when viewed through a translucent material. Virtually all of the incident light is transmitted through transparent materials, and one can see clearly through them.  Atomic and Electronic Interactions 21.3 (a) Briefly describe the phenomenon of electronic polarization by electromagnetic radiation. (b) What are two consequences of electronic polarization in transparent materials? Solution (a) The phenomenon of electronic polarization by electromagnetic radiation is described in Section 21.4. (b) Two consequences of electronic polarization in transparent materials are absorption and refraction.  Optical Properties of Metals 21.4 Briefly explain why metals are opaque to electromagnetic radiation having photon energies within the visible region of the spectrum. Solution The electron band structures of metals are such that empty and available electron states are adjacent to filled states. Electron excitations from filled to empty states are possible with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation having frequencies within the visible spectrum, according to Equation 21.6. The light energy is totally absorbed or reflected, and, since none is transmitted, the material is opaque.  Refract