工程材料答案-ch12.docVIP

CHAPTER 12 STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Crystal Structures 12.1 For a ceramic compound, what are the two characteristics of the component ions that determine the crystal structure? Solution The two characteristics of component ions that determine the crystal structure of a ceramic compound are: 1) the magnitude of the electrical charge on each ion, and 2) the relative sizes of the cations and anions.  12.2 Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 4 is 0.225. Solution In this problem we are asked to show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of four is 0.225. If lines are drawn from the centers of the anions, then a tetrahedron is formed. The tetrahedron may be inscribed within a cube as shown below. The spheres at the apexes of the tetrahedron are drawn at the corners of the cube, and designated as positions A, B, C, and D. (These are reduced in size for the sake of clarity.) The cation resides at the center of the cube, which is designated as point E. Let us now express the cation and anion radii in terms of the cube edge length, designated as a. The spheres located at positions A and B touch each other along the bottom face diagonal. Thus, But or And There will also be an anion located at the corner, point F (not drawn), and the cube diagonal will be related to the ionic radii as (The line AEF has not been drawn to avoid confusion.) From the triangle ABF But, and from above. Thus, Solving for the rC/rA ratio leads to  12.3 Show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 6 is 0.414. [Hint: Use the NaCl crystal structure (Figure 12.2), and assume that anions and cations are just touching along cube edges and across face diagonals.] Solution This problem asks us to show that the minimum cation-to-anion radius ratio for a coordination number of 6 is 0.414 (using the rock salt crystal structure). Below is shown