工程材料答案-ch04.docVIP

CHAPTER 4 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 4.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327°C (600 K). Assume an energy for vacancy formation of 0.55 eV/atom. Solution In order to compute the fraction of atom sites that are vacant in lead at 600 K, we must employ Equation 4.1. As stated in the problem, Qv = 0.55 eV/atom. Thus, = 2.41 ( 10-5  4.2 Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in iron at 850(C. The energy for vacancy formation is 1.08 eV/atom. Furthermore, the density and atomic weight for Fe are 7.65 g/cm3 and 55.85 g/mol, respectively. Solution Determination of the number of vacancies per cubic meter in iron at 850?C (1123 K) requires the utilization of Equations 4.1 and 4.2 as follows: And incorporation of values of the parameters provided in the problem statement into the above equation leads to = 1.18 ( 1018 cm-3 = 1.18 ( 1024 m-3  4.3 Calculate the activation energy for vacancy formation in aluminum, given that the equilibrium number of vacancies at 500(C (773 K) is 7.57 ( 1023 m-3. The atomic weight and density (at 500(C) for aluminum are, respectively, 26.98 g/mol and 2.62 g/cm3. Solution Upon examination of Equation 4.1, all parameters besides Qv are given except N, the total number of atomic sites. However, N is related to the density, (?Al), Avogadros number (NA), and the atomic weight (AAl) according to Equation 4.2 as = 5.85 ( 1022 atoms/cm3 = 5.85 ( 1028 atoms/m3 Now, taking natural logarithms of both sides of Equation 4.1, and, after some algebraic manipulation = 0.75 eV/atom  Impurities in Solids 4.4 Below, atomic radius, crystal structure, electronegativity, and the most common valence are tabulated, for several elements; for those that are nonmetals, only atomic radii are indicated. Element Atomic Radius (nm) Crystal Structure Electronegativity Valence Cu 0.1278 FCC 1.9 +2 C 0.071 H 0.046 O 0.060 Ag