英美文化-英国部分.docxVIP

英国部分History?Iberians?Celts, Gaels, Britons - Irish, Scottish, Welsh culture and language?Romans - Alphabet, Roman civilization, Christianity?Anglo-Saxons - English race and language?Vikings Danes - New dialects?Normans (France) - French language2.2 The Magna Carta/The Great Charter (1215)?The Great Council of barons(贵族) forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power?The King could not levy extra taxes without people s consent?King could not change laws?If King refused to obey laws, the vassals could resort to civil war?Freedom of trade and self-government to townspeople?Beginning of civil rights?No imprisonment unless convicted by a jury?Life and property protected?First step towards constitutional government?2.3 The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453)?Reasons: Territorial and economic?English kings’ possession of land in France; the cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders were importers of English wool, but owed political allegiance to the French king; France gave support to the Scots; a growing sense of national consciousness?Edward III claimed the French crown in 1337.?By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.?2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): The cause of the War of the Roses(1455-1485)(Lancastrian and Yorkist Houses)?Lancastrians: Red rose as the symbol?Yorkists: White rose as the symbol?Fighting for the throne in England?Many nobles killed?Henry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The union of the two houses ended the war.?The Tudors (1485-1603): sea power and Protestantism?The Tudor dynasty saw the transition of England from a feudal country to modern state. Capitalism replaced feudalism?Textile industry?Enclosure Movement – cheap laborHenry VIII (1509-1547)The Tudor era in England started from the reign of King Henry VIII. Shortly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Catherine of Aragon as his bride on 11 June 15