土地资源专业英语的.pptVIP

Resource Economics and Environmental Economics;contents;Three Themes: Efficiency Optimality  Sustainability;Resources are used in technically efficient ways;;;;;Fundamental Issues in Economic Approach to Resources and Environmental Issues ;Welfare economics;Environmental economics ;Ecological economics;Property Rights and Externalities;The meaning of external influences外部影响的含义;;;External influences and inappropriate allocation of resources;外部影响与资源配置失当;The external impacts of policies;有关外部影响的对策;Property rights,externalities,and environmental problems:improper rights and imperfect market.;Improperly designed property rights systems;私有产权，当然不是唯一可能的方式界定权利资源的使用。其他可能性包括国有产权制度，共同产权制度，雷斯纽利斯产权制度(没有人拥有或行使对资源的控制)。;State-property regimes exist not only in former communist countries, but also to varying degrees in virtually all countries of the world. Parks and forests,for example,are frequently owned and managed by the government in capitalist as well as int socialist nations. Problems with both efficiency and sustainability can arise in state-property regimes when the incertives of bureaucrats who implement and make the rules for resource use diverge from colletive interests.;国家知识产权制度不仅存在于前共产主义国家，但也不同程度在世界上几乎所有的国家。例如，公园和森林，经常国有及由政府管理的资本主义以及INT社会主义国家。当官僚主义者不能从集体利益出发去执行或制定资源利用的政策时，效率和可持续的问题同样可能出现在国有资源管理制度下。;Common-property resources are those that are owned in common rather than privately. Common-property regimes exhibit varying degrees of efficiency and sustainability,depending on the rules which emerge from coooective decision making. While some very successful examples of common-property regimes exist,unsuccessful examples are even more common.;Res unllius property resources can be exploited on a first-come,first served basis,because no individual or group has the legal power to restrict access. Open-access resources,as we shall henceforth call