LECTURE 4 生产者理的论(平狄克,微观经济学-厦门大学,王瑞芳).ppt

微观经济学(平狄克，鲁宾费尔德，第四版);一、生产 ;生产技术 ;Production with Two Variable Inputs (L,K);短期VS长期 ;一种可变投入的生产函数 ;Production withOne Variable Input (Labor);边际回报递减法则 ;The Effect ofTechnological Improvement;劳动生产率 ;两种可变投入的生产函数 ;The Shape of Isoquants;两种可变投入的生产函数;Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution;完全可替代投入品的生产函数 ;Isoquants When Inputs are Perfectly Substitutable;固定比率投入品的生产函数 ;Fixed-Proportions Production Function;规模报酬 ;Returns to Scale;Returns to Scale;Returns to Scale;二、生产成本 ;基本概念;基本概念;短期成本;Cost Curves for a Firm;Cost Curves for a Firm;Cost Curves for a Firm;Cost Curves for a Firm;Cost Curves for a Firm;长期成本 ;Producing a GivenOutput at Minimum Cost;Input Substitution When an Input Price Change;不同产出水平下的成本最小化 ;A Firm’s Expansion Path;Long-Run Expansion Path;长期平均成本（LAC） ;Long-Run Average and Marginal Cost;规模经济VS规模不经济 ;长期成本曲线和短期成本曲线 ;Long-Run Cost withConstant Returns to Scale;Long-Run Cost with Economiesand Diseconomies of Scale;范围经济 ;Product Transformation Curve;范围经济程度 ;学习曲线 ;The Learning Curve;Economies of Scale Versus Learning;三、利润最大化与竞争性供给 ;厂商目标;边际收益、边际成本与利润最大化 ;Comparing R(q) and C(q) Output levels: 0- q0: C(q) R(q) Negative profit FC + VC R(q) MR MC Indicates higher profit at higher output;Comparing R(q) and C(q) Question: Why is profit negative when output is zero?;Comparing R(q) and C(q) Output levels: q0 - q* R(q) C(q) MR MC Indicates higher profit at higher output Profit is increasing;Comparing R(q) and C(q) Output level: q* R(q) C(q) MR = MC Profit is maximized;Question Why is profit reduced when producing more or less than q*? ;Comparing R(q) and C(q) Output levels beyond q*: R(q) C(q) MC MR Profit is decreasing;Therefore, it can be said: Profits are maximized when MC = MR.;边际收益、边际成本与利润最大化;Demand and Marginal Revenue Facedby a Competitive Firm;选择短期产量 ;q0;Would this producer continue to produce with a loss?;选择短期产量 ;竞争性厂商的短期供给曲线 ;A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve;MC2;市场（短期）供给弹性 ;短期厂商剩余 ;A;D;选择长期产量 ;q1;q1;选择长期产量;S1;长期竞争性均衡 ;经济租;Firms Earn Zero Profit