7意义变化.ppt

Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning Teaching Objectives Let students understand and master types of changes in word meaning Get to know the causes of changes Teaching Focus Causes of changes Types of changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, transference of meaning, euphemism. Extra-linguistic factors: historical reason, class reason, psychological reason Linguistic factors: shortening, redivision from borrowing, analogy 7.1 Types of Change Extension of Meaning Narrowing of Meaning Elevation of Meaning Degradation of Meaning Transference of Meaning Euphemism 7.1.1.Extension of Meaning 词义的扩大 Generalization of Meaning It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended/widened to cover a broader and often less definite concept.小资，中产阶级 一个原本具有特殊意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。 Manuscript: Handwriting (by hand) (手稿); by hand or a type-writer or a word-processor (原稿) Salary: money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt; fixed payment Fabulous: of a fable; incredible, marvelous Picture: Painting; photographs Mill: grinding place; factory Bonfire: fire on bones The changes in meaning are gradual, and words are not changed in a day. Lady (the hostess --- noblewoman --- well-cultivated woman --- woman) an old lady or elderly lady; a sales lady; a cleaning lady; lady’s room women× Scene: 舞台behind the scene Thing (a public assembly; a council) Box Containers made of boxwood All kinds of containers Carry Transport only by cart Bullish Causing or associated with a rise in prices optimistic Four types of extension of meaning specialization to generalization特指到泛指 specification to abstraction具体到抽象 terminologies to normal words术语到一般词语 proper nouns to common nouns专有名词到普通名词 From specialization to generalization从特指到泛指 Scarf绶带 Rubbish碎石rubble Pipe管风琴 Street石子路 Butcher宰羊人 手足 2) From specification to abstraction 从具体到抽象 Grasp 只用手抓 （用脑）掌握/领悟 Pain 罚款 -惩罚 -痛苦 Place 广场