Chemical composition of seawater; Salinity and （海水的化学成分;）.pdf

Chemical composition of Chemical composition of seawater; seawater; Salinity and the major Salinity and the major constituents constituents OCN 623 – Chemical Oceanography Salt dissolved in ocean water alters the properties of water Freezing point of seawater is ~ -1.8˚C Density continually increases to freezing point Drives the circulation mode of the oceans -completely different from freshwater in lakes Concentration units for aqueous solutions, Concentration units for aqueous solutions, gases, and solids gases, and solids Molar units 1. Molarity = moles per litre of solution = M • Commonly used terms include: -3 mM = millimolar = millimoles per litre = 10 moles per litre -6 µM = micromolar = micromoles per litre = 10 moles per litre -9 nM = nanomolar = nannomoles per litre = 10 moles per litre pM = picomolar = picomoles per litre = 10-12 moles per litre fM = femtomolar = femtomoles per litre = 10-15 moles per litre aM = attomolar = attomoles per litre = 10-18 moles per litre gM? 2. Molality = moles per kilogram of solvent = m • No longer in common use except in some computer programs that calculate distribution of chemical species 3. Moles per kilogram of solution • The preferred usage in geochemistry, if not in marine chemistry, about 1.024 smaller than M • Sometimes defined as formality; however, this latter term has been inconsistently defined in the past and is i