社会—生态系统.ppt

March 5 2007 Workshop Colloquium Beyond Panaceas: Understanding Social-Ecological Systems 万能药之外：理解社会—生态系统 Elinor Ostrom 埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆 Indiana University 印第安那大学 Arizona State University 亚利桑那州立大学 Putting People and Ecologies Together: Social-Ecological Systems将人与生态放在一起：社会—生态系统 Difficult to achieve – given organization of academic training and most research teams 难以实现——在现有学术训练和多数研究小组的结构下 Essential for understanding dynamic processes that lead to, mitigate, or avoid, ecological and human disasters 必须理解引发、减轻或避免生态和人类灾难的动态过程 Essential to move toward achieving sustainability of both ecological and social systems 必须转向实现生态和社会系统两者皆有的可持续发展 Six Challenges for Achieving Sustainability (1)实现可持续发展的六个挑战 (1) Overcoming the “Panacea Trap” 克服“万能药陷井” Accepting -- rather than rejecting complexity 接受—而不是拒绝复杂性 Developing a multidisciplinary, multi-tier framework for analyzing sustainable SESs 发展跨学科、多层级框架以分析可持续的社会—生态系统 Six Challenges for Achieving Sustainability (2)实现可持续发展的六个挑战 (2) Building nested theories at multiple scales 建立多重等级的嵌套理论 Collecting comparable data over time for testing 收集用于检验的可对比的时间序列数据 Recognizing the benefits of institutional diversity as well as biodiversity 承认制度多样性与生物多样性一样是有益的 A big agenda – can provide only an overview here 还有很多内容，但这里只能给一个总的概括 Challenge 1: The Panacea Trap挑战1：万能药陷井 Panaceas – policy advice for “the” best way to govern and manage SESs – assuming that there is one simple cure-all for multiple ecological problems 万能药，作为治理和管理社会生态系统的“最好”方法的政策建议，假设存在一副简单的能解决所有生态问题的良方 Scholars policy makers fall into panacea traps even when they assume an uncertain world 学者和政策制定者都掉进了万能药陷井，即使当他们也知道这是一个未知的世界 Derived from basic failures to recognize the differences among SESs in diverse sectors, at multiple spatial scales and over time 源于认知社会—生态系统不同部门间、多层空间尺度和随时间变化出现的差异时的根本失败 “Tragedy of the Commons” Debate – A Source of Panaceas “公地悲剧”的争论：万能药的起源 Hardin (1968) envisioned helpless resource users 哈丁（1968