语言学讲义考研 8 Pragmatics课件.ppt

考研讲义8 Pragmatics ;主要考点;T/F;Multiple choice;Definition;Syntactics ;符号三分说 Syntactics: the formal relation of signs to one another. Semantics: the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable. Pragmatics: the relation of signs to interpreters.;Both are concerned with study of meaning. 没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究 语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义 语义学是对语言能力(competence)的研究 语用学是对语言行为(performance)的研究 语言行为是语言能力的具体体现actual realization Chomsky;Peter bought a car. It was Peter who bought a car. It was a car that Peter bought. What peter bought was a car. 句法学：说明这些句子是同一深层经过不同转换的结果 语义学：这些句子都是同义的。 语用学：这些句子都是不同的。;恭喜你 语音学家:分析其中每个字的发音以及整个句子的语调。 句法学家:指出这是一个无主语的祈使句，有一个动词加一个代词组成。 语义学家:这句话的意思：向某个人表示祝贺。 语用学家:将结合具体语境，考虑说话人是谁，“你”又是谁，说话人在怎样的情况下向“你”道喜，他是真的道喜，还是挖苦嘲讽，甚至是泄愤？;Pragmatics may also be defined as the study of language in actual use. Meaning in pragmatics is different from the meaning we studied in semantics mostly in the sense that pragmatic meaning depends more on context. ;Sentence Meaning Utterance Meaning;____ is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreters. A. Syntax B . Semantics C. Pragmatics D. Sociolinguistics Answer: C;58. ____ is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication. A. sociolinguistics B. semantics C. pragmatics D. synchronic linguistics Answer: B;82. Once the notion of ____ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics. A. meaning B. context C. form D. content Answer: B;Speech act theory;Performative Constative;言有所为包括完成一个动作如结婚、命名、遗赠、打赌或实施某一行为如许诺、警告、道歉、欢迎等。 In contrast, constatives are descriptions of what the speaker is doing at the moment of speaking. 同济大学Illustrate the difference between constative and performative utterance.;(2) Searl对言外行为的分类 1）阐述类（representatives），swear, state, assert, claim, guess, hypothesize. 2）指令类 (directives)，beg, request, advise, invite, suggest, insi