Chap15--Quantum(zq)课件.ppt

Chapter 15 Quantum Physics量子物理;15-1 Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis;The rate at which an object emits electromagnetic radiation energy （辐射功率）depends on the object’s surface area A and the temperature T of that area in Kelvins and is given by;A surface the maximum emissivity最大发射率 of 1.0 is said to be a blackbody radiator.;Neither Wien’s nor Rayleigh-Jeans formulations were in accord with experiment（均与实验结论不吻合）.;The break came in late 1900 when Max Planck (1858-1947) proposed an empirical formula (经验式) that nicely fit the date: ;The energy of any molecular vibration could be only some whole number multiple of hν;This is the first time that the quantum concept was proposed in physics’ history. Later, the day of December 14, 1900 was called the birthday of quantum theory.;15-2 The Photoelectric Effect 光电效应;(1) The numbers of electrons in unit time emited from C proportional to the intensity of incident light (饱和光电流与入射光强成正比). ;Then EKmax, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons (光电子的最大初动能) can be determined using conservation of energy: ;(3) Varying the frequency ν of the incident light and measure the associated stopping potential Vstop. ;The Einstein’s photoelectric equation:;In 1913—1914, carefully experiments were carried out by R.A.Millikan密立根. The results were fully in agreement with Einstein’s particle theory. ; 密立根如实地发表了实验结果，他为爱因斯坦的光量子理论提供了第一个直接而全面的实验证据。他自己虽然对爱因斯坦光量子理论还有所保留，但他尊重实验事实，相信实验检验过的光电方程是正确的，于是，他就和其他物理学家一道，对爱因斯坦理论的态度从怀疑转变为承认，并且积极地进行宣传。于是，光具有波粒二象性这一新的观念，才逐渐为广大科学界所接受。 1921年爱因斯坦由于光电效应等理论工作获得诺贝尔物理学奖，密立根也于1923年荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。;Example:;Example;Applications of the photoelectric effect:;15-2 Photons and Compton Effect 康普顿效应;The features of Compton effect;Compton’s explanation to scattering of X-ray;Compton shift;where ?c=h/(m0c);(2) The peak centered about the longer wave-length arises from interactions between X-rays and the very loosely bound electrons in the target (波长变长的散射光来自光子与原子外层电子的碰撞). ;;Example:;Different effect of photon interactions :;4