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英国文学启蒙
The Enlightenment
Summary
敝劳异懂葬昭店弘坦帅渤办胆凰质户互肯丫孙堰联眷琳折蜀朝诊期倦腻诽英国文学启蒙英国文学启蒙
Objectives
How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason?
How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government?
How did new ideas affect society and the economy?
Identify the philosophies of major Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith.
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Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.
Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
Laws that govern human nature
Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems
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Major Enlightenment Ideas
Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason
Governments are created to secure an orderly society
Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties
All men are created “free and equal”
A free market should be allowed to regulate trade
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Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
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Social Contract
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish.
To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.
Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.
Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good
Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property
People form governments to protect natural rights
Best government was one with limited power
If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
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Separation
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