dynamical phase transitions in quantum systems在量子系统动力学相变.pdfVIP

Journal of Modern Physics, 2010, 1, 303-311 doi:10.4236/jmp.2010.15043 Published Online November 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jmp) Dynamical Phase Transitions in Quantum Systems Ingrid Rotter Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187Dresden, Germany E-mail : rotter@mpipks-dresden.mpg.de Received September 16, 2010; revised October 5, 2010; accepted October 20, 2010 Abstract Many years ago Bohr characterized the fundamental differences between the two extreme cases of quantum mechanical many-body problems known at that time: between the compound states in nuclei at extremely high level density and the shell-model states in atoms at low level density. It is shown in the present paper that the compound nucleus states at high level density are the result of a dynamical phase transition due to which they have lost any spectroscopic relation to the individual states of the nucleus. The last ones are shell-model states which are of the same type as the shell-model states in atoms. Mathematically, dynamical phase transitions are caused by singular (exceptional) points at which the trajectories of the eigenvalues of the non-Hermitian Hamilton operator cross. In the neighborhood of these singular points, the phases of the eigenfunctions are not rigid. It is possible therefore that some eigenfunctions of the system align to the scat- tering wavefunctions of the environment by decoupling (trapping) the remaining ones from the environment. In the Schrödinger equation, nonlinear terms appear in the neighborhood of the singular points. Keywords: Non-Hermitian Quantum Physics, Dynamical Phase Transitions, Phase Rigidity of Eigenfunctions, Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation, Exceptional Points 1. Introduction