atmospheric hypoxia limits selection for large body size in insects常压缺氧限制选择大体型的昆虫.pdfVIP

Atmospheric Hypoxia Limits Selection for Large Body Size in Insects C. Jaco Klok*, Jon F. Harrison School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America Abstract Background: The correlations between Phanerozoic atmospheric oxygen fluctuations and insect body size suggest that higher oxygen levels facilitate the evolution of larger size in insects. Methods and Principal Findings: Testing this hypothesis we selected Drosophila melanogaster for large size in three oxygen atmospheric partial pressures (aPO2). Fly body sizes increased by 15% during 11 generations of size selection in 21 and 40 kPa aPO . However, in 10 kPa aPO , sizes were strongly reduced. Beginning at the 12th generation, flies were returned to 2 2 normoxia. All flies had similar, enlarged sizes relative to the starting populations, demonstrating that selection for large size had functionally equivalent genetic effects on size that were independent of aPO2. Significance: Hypoxia provided a physical constraint on body size even in a tiny insect strongly selected for larger mass, supporting the hypothesis that Triassic hypoxia may have contributed to a reduction in insect size. Citation: Klok CJ, Harrison JF (2009) Atmospheric Hypoxia Limits Selection for Large Body Size in Insects. PLoS ONE 4(1): e3876. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003876 ´ Editor: Marcelo Hermes-Lima, Universidade de Brasılia, Brazil Received August 4, 2008; Accepted November 14, 2008; Published January 7, 2009 Copyright: 2009 Klok et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Thi