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PLoS MEDICINE Cancer Screening: A Mathematical Model Relating Secreted Blood Biomarker Levels to Tumor Sizes 1 1 1 1 1,2* Amelie M. Lutz , Juergen K. Willmann , Frank V. Cochran , Pritha Ray , Sanjiv S. Gambhir 1 Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Bioengineering, the Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America Funding: This work was supported A B S T R A C T in part by the Canary Foundation (SSG). This work was also supported in part by the NCI ICMIC P50 Background CA114747 (SSG). AML was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Increasing efforts and financial resources are being invested in early cancer detection Foundation and the Holcim Foundation. JKW was supported in research. Blood assays detecting tumor biomarkers promise noninvasive and financially part by the Swiss Foundation of reasonable screening for early cancer with high potential of positive impact on patients’ Medical-Biological Grants and Novartis Research Foundation. The survival and quality of life. For novel tumor biomarkers, the actual tumor detection limits are funding institutions played no role in usually unknown and there have been no studies exploring the tumor burden detection limits study design, data collection, of blood tumor biomarkers using mathematical models. Therefore, the purpose of this study analysis and interpretation, or in the writing of or the decision to submit was to develop a mathe