distinct olfactory cross-modal effects on the human motor system独特的嗅觉跨通道对人体运动系统的影响.pdfVIP

Distinct Olfactory Cross-Modal Effects on the Human Motor System 1 2 3,4,5 1 6,9. Simone Rossi *, Alberto De Capua , Patrizio Pasqualetti , Monica Ulivelli , Luciano Fadiga , 2 1 1 5 4,5,8. Vincenzo Falzarano , Sabina Bartalini , Stefano Passero , Daniele Nuti , Paolo M. Rossini 1 Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione Neurologia, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, 2 Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione Psichiatria, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, 3 Medical Statistics Information Technology, AFaR-Fatebenefratelli Association for Research, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy, 4 AFaR-Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, S.Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy, 5 Casa di Cura San Raffaele Cassino e IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy, 6 Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, 7 Department of Orthopedics, Radiology and Otolaryngology, Istituto di Discipline Otorinolaringologiche, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, 8 Clinica Neurologica, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy, 9 The Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy Abstract Background: Converging evidence indicates that action observation and action-related sounds activate cross-modally the human motor system. Since olfaction, the most ancestral sense, may have behavioural consequences on human activities, we causally investigated by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) whether food odour could additionally facilitate the human motor system during the observation of grasping objects with alimentary valence, and the degree of specificity of these