dominance, politics, and physiology voters testosterone changes on the night of the 2008 united states presidential election主导地位、政治和生理学选民的睾酮变化晚2008年美国总统选举.pdfVIP

Dominance, Politics, and Physiology: Voters’ Testosterone Changes on the Night of the 2008 United States Presidential Election 1 2,3 3 4 1 Steven J. Stanton , Jacinta C. Beehner , Ekjyot K. Saini , Cynthia M. Kuhn , Kevin S. LaBar * 1 Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, 3 Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, 4 Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America Abstract Background: Political elections are dominance competitions. When men win a dominance competition, their testosterone levels rise or remain stable to resist a circadian decline; and when they lose, their testosterone levels fall. However, it is unknown whether this pattern of testosterone change extends beyond interpersonal competitions to the vicarious experience of winning or losing in the context of political elections. Women’s testosterone responses to dominance competition outcomes are understudied, and to date, a clear pattern of testosterone changes in response to winning and losing dominance competitions has not emerged. Methodology/Principal Findings: The present study investigated voters’ testosterone responses to the outcome of the 2008 United States Presidential election. 183 participants provided multiple saliva samples before and after the winner was announced on Election Night. The results show that male Barack Obama voters (winners) had stable