ecosystem overfishing in the ocean在海洋生态系统的过度捕捞.pdfVIP

Ecosystem Overfishing in the Ocean 1,2. 3. 4 1 5 Marta Coll *, Simone Libralato , Sergi Tudela , Isabel Palomera , Fabio Pranovi ` ´ 1 Institut de Ciences del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Marıtim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain, 2 Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 3 Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale–OGS, Sgonico-Zgonik, Italy, 4 World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF, Mediterranean Programme Office, ` Barcelona, Spain, 5 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Universita Ca’ Foscari, Venezia, Italy Abstract Fisheries catches represent a net export of mass and energy that can no longer be used by trophic levels higher than those fished. Thus, exploitation implies a depletion of secondary production of higher trophic levels (here the production of mass and energy by herbivores and carnivores in the ecosystem) due to the removal of prey. The depletion of secondary production due to the export of biomass and energy through catches was recently formulated as a proxy for evaluating the ecosystem impacts of fishing–i.e., the level of ecosystem overfishing. Here we evaluate the historical and current risk of ecosystem overfishing at a global scale by quantifying the depletion of secondary production using the best available fisheries and ecological data (i.e., catch and primary production). Our results highlight an increasing trend in the number of unsustainable fisheries (i.e., an increase in the risk of ecosystem overfishing) from the 1950s to the 2000s, and illustrate the worldwide geographic expansion