on the origin and spread of the scab disease of apple out of central asia痂的起源和传播疾病的苹果中亚.pdfVIP

On the Origin and Spread of the Scab Disease of Apple: Out of Central Asia 1 2 1 3 4 1 Pierre Gladieux , Xiu-Guo Zhang *, Damien Afoufa-Bastien , Rosa-Maria Valdebenito Sanhueza , Mohamed Sbaghi , Bruno Le Cam * 1 UMR077, INRA, Angers, France, 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China, 3 National Research Centre for ´ Grape and Wine, EMBRAPA, Bento Gonc¸alves, Brazil, 4 Centre Regional de la Recherche Agronomique de Kenitra, INRA, Kenitra, Morocco Background. Venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus responsible for apple scab, a disease that has invaded almost all apple growing regions worldwide, with the corresponding adverse effects on apple production. Monitoring and predicting the effectiveness of intervention strategies require knowledge of the origin, introduction pathways, and population biology of pathogen populations. Analysis of the variation of genetic markers using the inferential framework of population genetics offers the potential to retrieve this information. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, we present a population genetic analysis of microsatellite variation in 1,273 strains of V. inaequalis representing 28 orchard samples from seven regions in five continents. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that most of the variation (88%) was distributed within localities, which is consistent with extensive historical migrations of the fungus among and within regions. Despite this shallow population structure, clustering analyses partitioned the data set into separate groups corresponding roughly to geography, indicating that each region hosts a distinct population of the fungus. Comparison of the levels of variability am