Mankiw economic lecture07 宏观经济学基础.pptVIP

Measuring a Nation’s Income Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once. 一国收入的衡量 微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。 宏观经济学研究整体经济。宏观经济学的目标是解释同时影响许多家庭、企业和市场的经济变化。 Measuring a Nation’s Income Macroeconomics answers questions like the following: Why is average income high in some countries and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others? 一国收入的衡量 宏观经济学回答以下问题: 为什么一些国家平均收入高，而另一些国家平均收入低? 为什么一些时期物价上升迅速，而另一些时期物价较为稳定? 为什么一些年份生产和就业扩大，而另一些年份收缩? THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning. 经济的收入与支出 当判断经济富裕还是贫穷时，观察经济中所有人赚到的总收入是自然而然的。 THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller. 经济的收入与支出 对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出，因为: 每一次交易都有买者和卖者 某个买者的1美元支出就是某个卖者的1美元收入 Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram 经济循环流向图 THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy. GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 国内生产总值的衡量 国内生产总值 (GDP) 度量一个经济体的收入与支出。 GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT国内生产总值的度量 The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram. 经济循环流向图说明了收入等于支出 THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT “GDP is the Market Value . . .” Output is valued at market prices. “. . . Of All. . .” Inc