原创力文档shared and unique patterns of embryo development in extremophile poeciliids共享和极端微生物poeciliids胚胎发展的独特模式.pdfVIP
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shared and unique patterns of embryo development in extremophile poeciliids共享和极端微生物poeciliids胚胎发展的独特模式
Shared and Unique Patterns of Embryo Development in
Extremophile Poeciliids
¨ 1,2 2 1 3
Rudiger Riesch *, Ingo Schlupp , R. Brian Langerhans , Martin Plath
1 Department of Biology W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America, 2 Department of
Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America, 3 Department of Ecology Evolution, Goethe–University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Abstract
Background: Closely related lineages of livebearing fishes have independently adapted to two extreme environmental
factors: toxic hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and perpetual darkness. Previous work has demonstrated in adult specimens that fish
from these extreme habitats convergently evolved drastically increased head and offspring size, while cave fish are further
characterized by reduced pigmentation and eye size. Here, we traced the development of these (and other) divergent traits
in embryos of Poecilia mexicana from benign surface habitats (‘‘surface mollies’’) and a sulphidic cave (‘‘cave mollies’’), as
well as in embryos of the sister taxon, Poecilia sulphuraria from a sulphidic surface spring (‘‘sulphur mollies’’). We asked at
which points during development changes in the timing of the involved processes (i.e., heterochrony) would be detectible.
Methods and Results: Data were extracted from digital photographs taken of representative embryos for each stage of
development and each type of molly. Embryo mass decreased in convergent fashion, but we found patterns of embryonic
fat content and ovum/embryo diameter to be divergent among all three types of mollies. The intensity of yellow
colouration of the yolk (a proxy for carotenoid con
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