shellfish face uncertain future in high co2 world influence of acidification on oyster larvae calcification and growth in estuaries贝类在高二氧化碳面临不确定的未来世界酸化对牡蛎幼虫钙化的影响和河口的增长.pdfVIP

Shellfish Face Uncertain Future in High CO2 World: Influence of Acidification on Oyster Larvae Calcification and Growth in Estuaries 1 1 2 1 A. Whitman Miller *, Amanda C. Reynolds , Cristina Sobrino , Gerhardt F. Riedel 1 Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America, 2 Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain Abstract Background: Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide by 36% during the past 200 years. One third of all anthropogenic CO2 has been absorbed by the oceans, reducing pH by about 0.1 of a unit and significantly altering their carbonate chemistry. There is widespread concern that these changes are altering marine habitats severely, but little or no attention has been given to the biota of estuarine and coastal settings, ecosystems that are less pH buffered because of naturally reduced alkalinity. Methodology/Principal Findings: To address CO -induced changes to estuarine calcification, veliger larvae of two oyster 2 species, the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and the Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) were grown in estuarine water under four pCO2 regimes, 280, 380, 560 and 800 matm, to simulate atmospheric conditions in the pre-industrial era, present, and projected future concentrations in 50 and 100 years respectively. CO2 manipulations were made using an automated negative feedback control system that allowed continuous and precise control over the pCO2 in experimental aquaria. Larval growth was measured using image analysis, and calcification was measured by chemical analysis of calcium in their shells. C. virginica experience