multiple functions for cd28 and cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of t cell responses implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases多种功能cd28和细胞毒性t淋巴细胞antigen-4在t细胞反应的不同阶段对关节炎和自身免疫性疾病的影响.pdfVIP

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multiple functions for cd28 and cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of t cell responses implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases多种功能cd28和细胞毒性t淋巴细胞antigen-4在t细胞反应的不同阶段对关节炎和自身免疫性疾病的影响.pdf

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multiple functions for cd28 and cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of t cell responses implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases多种功能cd28和细胞毒性t淋巴细胞antigen-4在t细胞反应的不同阶段对关节炎和自身免疫性疾病的影响

Available online /content/6/2/45 Review Multiple functions for CD28 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 during different phases of T cell responses: implications for arthritis and autoimmune diseases Monika C Brunner-Weinzierl1,2, Holger Hoff1,2 and Gerd-R Burmester2 1Molecular Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Germany 2Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany Corresponding author: Monika C Brunner-Weinzierl (e-mail: monika.brunner@charite.de) Received: 15 Dec 2003 Revisions requested: 27 Jan 2004 Revisions received: 11 Feb 2004 Accepted: 12 Feb 2004 Published: 3 Mar 2004 Arthritis Res Ther 2004, 6:45-54 (DOI 10.1186/ar1158) © 2004 BioMed Central Ltd (Print ISSN 1478-6354; Online ISSN 1478-6362) Abstract Chronic T cell responses, as they occur in rheumatoid arthritis, are complex and are likely to involve many mechanisms. There is a growing body of evidence that, in concert with the T cell antigen receptor signal, CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD152) are the primary regulators of T cell responses. Whereas CD28 primarily activates T cell processes, CTLA-4 inhibits them. The mechanism for this dichotomy is not fully understood, especially as CD28 and CTLA-4 recruit similar signalling molecules. In addition, recent studies demonstrate that CD28 and CTLA-4 have multiple functions during T cell responses. In particular, CTLA-4 exerts independent distinct effects during different phases of T cell responses that could be exploited for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Keywords