scaling up semi-arid grassland biochemical content from the leaf to the canopy level challenges and opportunities扩大半干旱草原生化内容从叶到树冠层次挑战和机遇.pdfVIP

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scaling up semi-arid grassland biochemical content from the leaf to the canopy level challenges and opportunities扩大半干旱草原生化内容从叶到树冠层次挑战和机遇.pdf

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scaling up semi-arid grassland biochemical content from the leaf to the canopy level challenges and opportunities扩大半干旱草原生化内容从叶到树冠层次挑战和机遇

Sensors 2010, 10, 11072-11087; doi:10.3390/s101211072 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Review Scaling up Semi-Arid Grassland Biochemical Content from the Leaf to the Canopy Level: Challenges and Opportunities Yuhong He * and Amy Mui Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; E-Mail: amy.mui@utoronto.ca * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: yuhong.he@utoronto.ca; Tel: +1-905-569-4679; Fax: +1-905-828-5273. Received: 21 October 2010; in revised form: 20 November 2010 / Accepted: 2 December 2010 / Published: 6 December 2010 Abstract: Remote sensing imagery is being used intensively to estimate the biochemical content of vegetation (e.g., chlorophyll, nitrogen, and lignin) at the leaf level. As a result of our need for vegetation biochemical information and our increasing ability to obtain canopy spectral data, a few techniques have been explored to scale leaf-level biochemical content to the canopy level for forests and crops. However, due to the contribution of non-green materials (i.e., standing dead litter, rock, and bare soil) from canopy spectra in semi-arid grasslands, it is difficult to obtain information about grassland biochemical content from remote sensing data at the canopy level. This paper summarizes available methods used to scale biochemical information from the leaf level to the canopy level and