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vehicle to grid services potential and applications车辆网格服务和应用潜力
Energies 2012, 5, 4076-4090; doi:10.3390/en5104076
OPEN ACCESS
energies
ISSN 1996-1073
/journal/energies
Article
Vehicle to Grid Services: Potential and Applications
Mehrdad Ehsani 1,*, Milad Falahi 2 and Saeed Lotfifard 3
1 Electrical Engineering, Texas AM University, College Station, TX 77840, USA;
E-Mail: ehsani@
2 Consulting and analysis, Itron Inc., Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail: milad.falahi@
3 Electrical Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
E-Mail: s.lotfifard@
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: milad.falahi@;
Tel.: +1-509-891-3191; Fax: +1-509-241-6322.
Received: 15 August 2012; in revised form: 2 October 2012 / Accepted: 9 October 2012 /
Published: 19 October 2012
Abstract: Electric Vehicle (EV) technology is expected to take a major share in the
light-vehicle market in the coming decades. Charging of EVs will put an extra burden on
the distribution grid and in some cases adjustments will need to be made. On the other
hand, EVs have the potential to support the grid under various conditions. This paper
studies possible potential and applications of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) services, including
active power services, which discharge the EV batteries, and power quality services, which
do not engage the battery or require only small amounts of battery charge. The advantages
and disadvantages of each service and the likelihood that a gi
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