virtue or pretense looking behind self-declared innocence in doping美德或者借口后面自称清白的兴奋剂.pdfVIP

Virtue or Pretense? Looking behind Self-Declared Innocence in Doping ´ 1,2 1,3 4 4 ´ 1 Andrea Petroczi *, Eugene V. Aidman , Iltaf Hussain , Nawed Deshmukh , Tamas Nepusz , Martina 5 ´ ´ 5 4 1 Uvacsek , Miklos Toth , James Barker , Declan P. Naughton 1 School of Life Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, 3 Land Operations Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh, Australia, 4 School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom, 5 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Abstract Background: Social science studies of doping practices in sport rely predominantly on self-reports. Studies of psychoactive drug use indicate that self-reporting is characterised by under-reporting. Likewise doping practice is likely to be equally under-reported, if not more so. This calls for more sophisticated methods for such reporting and for independent, objective validation of its results. The aims of this study were: i) to contrast self-reported doping use with objective results from chemical hair analysis and ii) to investigate the influence of the discrepancy on doping attitudes, social projection, descriptive norms and perceived pressure to use doping. Methodology/Principal Findings: A doping attitudes questionnaire was developed and combined with a response latency- based implicit association test and hair sample analysis for key doping subs