viruses and breast cancer病毒和乳腺癌.pdfVIP

Cancers 2010, 2, 752-772; doi:10.3390/cancers2020752 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review Viruses and Breast Cancer James S. Lawson * and Benjamin Heng School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; E-Mail: z3174934@.au (B.H.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: james.lawson@.au; Tel.: +1-61 2 9879 4221. Received: 8 March 2010; in revised form: 7 April 2010 / Accepted: 26 April 2010 / Published: 30 April 2010 Abstract: Viruses are the accepted cause of many important cancers including cancers of the cervix and anogenital area, the liver, some lymphomas, head and neck cancers and indirectly human immunodeficiency virus associated cancers. For over 50 years, there have been serious attempts to identify viruses which may have a role in breast cancer. Despite these efforts, the establishment of conclusive evidence for such a role has been elusive. However, the development of extremely sophisticated new experimental techniques has allowed the recent development of evidence that human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, mouse mammary tumor virus and bovine leukemia virus may each have a role in the causation of human breast cancers. This is potentially good news as effective vaccines are already available to prevent infections from carcinogenic strains of human papilloma virus, which causes cancer of the uterine cervix.