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when blood is touched当血液接触
Materials 2009, 2, 1547-1557; doi:10.3390/ma2041547
OPEN ACCESS
materials
ISSN 1996-1944
/journal/materials
Review
When Blood Is Touched
Leo Vroman
1600 Texas Street, Apt. 1005, Fort Worth, TX 76102, USA; E-Mail: lvroman@
Received: 7 September 2009 / Accepted: 16 October 2009 / Published: 16 October 2009
Abstract: The development of blood-compatible materials is reviewed. It grew from
originally simplistic views of physical requirements such as surface charge and
wettability, to endothelial cells seeded onto a biodegradable cast, and tissue engineering.
In vitro findings grew from the discovery of one specific protein being adsorbed, to that
of sequential protein adsorption with complex implications of platelet and white cell
adhesion. The main challenge is still the production of small blood vessels (capillaries).
Keywords: blood; surface; interface; biomaterial
1. The First Events
1.1. Early history
The importance of the very first reactions of blood or blood plasma to the touch of a man-made
material can be compared to the first few seconds of a traffic accident. These seconds may determine
later fatal or non-fatal consequences. Whether drawn into a syringe, placed in a test tube, forced into a
maze of membrane or capillary interfaces of a hemodialyzer or a blood pump, to the living blood all
these are traffic accidents.
The most ancient observations of surfaces affecting blood clotting probably were made when it was
noticed that spilled blood
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