when blood is touched当血液接触.pdfVIP

Materials 2009, 2, 1547-1557; doi:10.3390/ma2041547 OPEN ACCESS materials ISSN 1996-1944 /journal/materials Review When Blood Is Touched Leo Vroman 1600 Texas Street, Apt. 1005, Fort Worth, TX 76102, USA; E-Mail: lvroman@ Received: 7 September 2009 / Accepted: 16 October 2009 / Published: 16 October 2009 Abstract: The development of blood-compatible materials is reviewed. It grew from originally simplistic views of physical requirements such as surface charge and wettability, to endothelial cells seeded onto a biodegradable cast, and tissue engineering. In vitro findings grew from the discovery of one specific protein being adsorbed, to that of sequential protein adsorption with complex implications of platelet and white cell adhesion. The main challenge is still the production of small blood vessels (capillaries). Keywords: blood; surface; interface; biomaterial 1. The First Events 1.1. Early history The importance of the very first reactions of blood or blood plasma to the touch of a man-made material can be compared to the first few seconds of a traffic accident. These seconds may determine later fatal or non-fatal consequences. Whether drawn into a syringe, placed in a test tube, forced into a maze of membrane or capillary interfaces of a hemodialyzer or a blood pump, to the living blood all these are traffic accidents. The most ancient observations of surfaces affecting blood clotting probably were made when it was noticed that spilled blood