the regulation of brain states by neuroactive substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review大脑状态的调节刺激神经组织的物质分布通过脑脊液;.pdfVIP

Veening and Barendregt Cerebrospinal Fluid Research 2010, 7:1 CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RESEARCH /content/7/1/1 REVIEW Open Access The regulation of brain states by neuroactive substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review Jan G Veening 1,2,3*, Henk P Barendregt3 Abstract The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system provides nutrients to and removes waste products from the brain. Recent findings suggest, however, that in addition, the CSF contains message molecules in the form of actively released neuroactive substances. The concentrations of these vary between locations, suggesting they are important for the changes in brain activity that underlie different brain states, and induce different sensory input and behavioral out- put relationships. The cranial CSF displays a rapid caudally-directed ventricular flow followed by a slower rostrally-directed subarach- noid flow (mainly towards the cribriform plate and from there into the nasal lymphatics). Thus, many brain areas are exposed to and can be influenced by substances contained in the CSF. In this review we discuss the produc- tion and flow of the CSF, including the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its composition. In addition, the available evidence for the release of neuropeptides and other neuroactive substances into the CSF is reviewed, with particular attention to the selective effects of these on distant downstream receptive brain areas. As a conclu- sion we suggest that (1) the flowing CSF is involved in more than just nutrient and waste control, but is also used as a broadcasting system consisting of coordinated messages to a variety of nearby and distant brain areas; (2) this special form of volume transmission underlies changes in behavioral states. Review outline