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the role of maternal smoking in effect of fetal growth restriction on poor scholastic achievement in elementary school母亲吸烟的作用影响胎儿生长受限的可怜的学术成就在小学
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 408-420; doi:10.3390/ijerph9020408
OPEN ACCESS
International Journal of
Environmental Research and
Public Health
ISSN 1660-4601
/journal/ijerph
Article
The Role of Maternal Smoking in Effect of Fetal Growth
Restriction on Poor Scholastic Achievement in Elementary
School
Igor Burstyn 1,*, Stefan Kuhle 2, Alexander C. Allen 3 and Paul Veugelers 2
1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Drexel
University, 1505 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
2 Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada; E-Mails: skuhle@ualberta.ca (S.K.); paulus.veugelers@ualberta.ca (P.V.)
3 Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Dalhousie
University IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;
E-Mail: alexander.allen@iwk.nshealth.ca
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: igor.burstyn@;
Tel.: +1-215-762-2267; Fax: +1-215-762-8846.
Received: 12 December 2011; in revised form: 18 January 2012 / Accepted: 19 January 2012 /
Published: 27 January 2012
Abstract: Fetal growth restriction and maternal smoking during pregnancy are
independently implicated in lowering intellectual attainment in children. We hypothesized
that only reduction of fetal growt
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