上外英语语言文学考研翻译《教育与规训》中英文对照版分享.docxVIP

上外英语语言文学考研翻译《教育与规训》中英文对照版分享Education and Disciplineby Bertrand Russell教育与规训[①]［英］伯特兰·罗素　著刘任翔　试译Any serious educational theory must consist of two parts: a conception of the ends of life, and a science of psychological dynamics, i.e., of the laws of mental change. Two men who differ as to the ends of life cannot hope to agree about education. The educational machine, throughout Western civilization, is dominated by two ethical theories: that of Christianity, and that of nationalism. These two, when taken seriously, are incompatible, as is becoming evident in Germany. For my part, I hold that where they differ, Christianity is preferable, but where they agree, both are mistaken. The conception which I should substitute as the purpose of education is civilization, a term which, as I meant it, has a definition which is partly individual, partly social. It consists, in the individual, of both intellectual and moral qualities: intellectually, a certain minimum of general knowledge, technical skill in ones own profession, and a habit of forming opinions on evidence; morally, of impartiality, kindliness, and a modicum of self-control. I should add a quality which is neither moral nor intellectual, but perhaps physiological: zest and joy of life. In communities, civilization demands respect for law, justice as between man and man, purposes not involving permanent injury to any section of the human race, and intelligent adaptation of means to ends.任何一种严肃的教育理论都包括两部分：有关生命之目的的观念，以及有关人的心理如何运作（例如，情绪变化的规律是什么）的理论——我们没法指望两个对于生命目的理解不同的人会在教育问题上达成一致。在整个西方文明中，教育的机制被两种价值观所主导：一种是基督教，另一种是民族主义[②]。如果两者的理念都被严格地执行，它们的冲突就不可避免，正如我们在德国看到的那样[③]。我认为，在两者产生分歧之处，基督教价值观更为可取一些；但两者达成一致之处则无一正确。在我看来，“文明”应当替代它们作为教育的目的，而“文明”一词的定义则兼有个人与社会的方面。个人意义上的文明包括智识的和道德的品质：前者指必要的常识、专业的技能、根据确凿证据形成观念的习惯；后者指不偏不倚、善心以及适度的自控力。恐怕我还得加上智识和道德之外的、大体属于生理方面的第三点——生活中的愉悦和激情。而社会意义上的文明则包括对法律的尊重、对人与人之间正义的追求、对于任何行为都不能伤害人类族群中任何一部分的自觉意识、以及能够机智地调整方法以达到目标的素质。If these are to be the purpose of education, it is a question for the science of psycho