第十一章章城市机动车污染控制.pptVIP

汽车污染物产生来源 曲轴箱 HC 的 20% 排气管 所有的CO、NOX、Pb和 HC的 60% 油箱和化油器蒸发 HC的15% Slide * 行驶工况的影响 (IM240) Slide * 汽油车行驶工况与排放 1. 怠速, 减速时CO, HC排放高, 浓度约为: CO: 1.0-6%; HC: 400-3000ppm NOx: 10-100ppm 2. 加速, 定速时NOx高, 浓度约为: NOx: 1000-4000ppm CO: 0.5-3.0%; HC: 200-600ppm 加速时, 碳烟约为: 0.005g/m3 讨论2: 影响排放的因素 汽车使用中哪些因素对排放影响大? 如何考虑汽车行驶工况对排放的影响? (如制定标准时, 计算排放量时) 主要控制技术 前处理: 无铅汽油(0.013g/L), 低硫汽油和柴油(1200ppm--50ppm?) 废气再循环(EGR): 20%循环, 降低NOx约60%, 但油耗增加3% 机内控制: 发动机设计 表面积/容积 越小越好; 电子控制技术; 多气门技术 机外控制技术: 热反应器, 催化反应器(氧化, 还原--三效) 改进点火系统 电控燃油 喷射系统 废气再循环(EGR) 三效催化净化技术(TWC) 同时净化3种污染物: CO, HC, NOx 只能在很窄的空燃比窗口工作: 闭环电控燃油喷射技术 三效催化净化技术(TWC) 主要使用贵金属+陶瓷载体, Pt, Rd, Pd 寿命要求80000-160000km, 防中毒很关键! 曲轴箱(crankcase)排放控制 Evaporative emission control 中国的机动车污染控制 Clean Air Strategy Developed Complete Lead Phase Out by 2000 Introduce Euro 1(1992 Vintage,Catalyst Based) Standards for Cars Lt.Trucks in 2000 (Beijing,Shanghai 1999) Heavy Truck Standard,Euro 1,also in 2001(2000 in Beijing) I/M Pilot Being Developed in Shanghai Slide * 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 下面一页留给您备用 New standards, however, will not solve all of your problems. The volume of new car sales and the rate of scrappage of old technology cars will have great influence on emission trends. Motor vehicle manufacturers have improved the quality and longevity of vehicles such that average age of vehicles in the U.S. fleet has been getting older slowly but surely. If conditions are such that old decrepit vehicles are kept in the fleet, their air quality impact will be huge. Another consideration relates to which standards and how they are enforced. Certification and compliance programs are expensive and complex to administer. The benefits of tight standards may be lost if the government infrastructure and resources do not exist to effectively manage a compliance program. Strong authori